This chapter covers the emergence of philosophy after Russia's humiliating performance in the Crimean War and with the reforms of the early 1860s associated with the new tsar. But the revival of philosophy in secular institutions meant they had to turn to theologically trained professors for staffing needs. One such was Jurkevich, who criticized Kant from an outspoken Platonism. Another who burst on the philosophical scene was Petr Lavrov, who incorporated a Kantian-inspired phenomenalism into his own original philosophy.