The chapter introduces the reader to the problems of critical–theoretical psychology, with a focus on metatheory. It is argued that from a critical–theoretical perspective raising basic questions regarding the discipline and profession of psychology is a necessary step for metatheoretical engagement. The chapter discusses the role of reflexivity and different meanings of critical thinking in psychology. The term critical, as it is used in this book, refers to raising questions, issues, and problems, and advocates for being critical ">in but also about psychology in both academia and professional life. Critical thinking as embraced in this book is based on various historical traditions that are introduced. Sociohistorical problems in psychology are discussed.